男孩的包皮环切术:必要还是有益?

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Dr Nada Sudhakaran

Paediatric Surgeon & Urologist

非多余 含密集性神经 包皮若无问题可不割

Originally published in Easily Sin Chew on 2023-02-18
https://easily.sinchew.com.my/node/4620/

医句话:

在马来西亚,大多数男孩基于宗教或文化,必须经历割礼仪式,医学上称之为包皮环切手术。若无面对紧急医疗事故,应避免此手术。割包皮好处是可预防如龟头炎等疾病,也可降低泌尿道感染及性病传播的风险。在孩子步入青春期时,家长让他们自行决定是否动此手术。

Originally published in Easily Sin Chew on 2023-02-18
https://easily.sinchew.com.my/node/4620/

“相信大家对包皮环切手术(circumcision)不陌生,男性包皮环切手术指的是通过手术切除阴茎的部分或全部包皮。对于马来西亚的大多数男孩而言,进行此手术多是基于宗教或文化的原因,也就是民间所称的‘割礼’。

根据传统,这项盛行多年的割礼仪式是在青春期进行,以作为进入成年的一种标志。

排除上述原因,有两种情况是以医疗因素介入,而给患者施予包皮环切手术,一是包皮发生病理性的变化或皮肤异常,一般是疤痕或增厚;二则是继发性感染或创伤。这些病因发生的几率为0.1%。

包茎或包皮过长 勃起痛
在出生时,大多数初生男婴阴茎包皮无法缩至龟头(阴茎头)后方,这种情况是一种生理上自然且正常的现象。在医学上,我们称之为包茎(phimosis),也就是俗称的‘包皮过长’。此病症有可能会导致勃起疼痛和引起性功能问题。

一般上,5岁的男孩会出现上述现象,占10%;约5%的10岁男孩亦会面对这个问题。然而在男孩长至青春期时,面对包茎问题者仅1%。这1%的男孩在10至12岁左右的青春期间进行一次评估,并可从环切包皮手术中受益。

另一方面,一般上,正常的包皮会分泌出油脂类分泌物及一些坏死细胞,经长年累月,这些细胞有可能堆积在包皮下,久而久之就会形成一种白色的乳酪状物质,即包皮垢(smegma),尤其是发生阴茎包皮无法缩至龟头后方,或是长期没有清洗下,包皮垢就更容易产生。

包皮垢引发感染
包皮垢形成后又没有清理,这有可能会引发感染。若受到感染,父母可让孩子坐在装有温盐水的水桶里,并按照医生指示及处方,涂抹抗生素成分的药膏,大致上数天后即能康复。

我必须提醒父母的是,你应该教导家中的男孩,在洗澡或排尿时缩回包皮,并且清洗包皮,保持干净,通过这样的习惯,才能避免感染。

那达医生(Nada Sudhakaran)
儿童外科顾问

居多发达国家摒弃割礼

除却宗教因素,如无面对紧急医疗的情况下,包皮环切手术是可避免的。

从前在美国,大多数的男孩在出生时都需要进行割礼,而现今的大部分发达国家正摒弃这项仪式。

首先,我们必须了解到,包皮是一种复杂、具特殊性的组织。它是一个皮肤、粘膜和肌肉移动性双层褶皱,其中含有密集的性神经末梢,并且是阴茎皮肤系统中重要的部分,并非是多余且额外的‘东西’。

或致尿道口变窄
包皮是有作用的,它可保持龟头的柔软;反之,切除包皮则会形成角质,变厚变硬。

其实,包皮环切手术非常疼痛,尤其在新生儿身上进行时,局部麻醉不足以达到完全的麻醉效果。

再加上,手术后的伤口受到粪便、尿液与纸尿片的刺激,婴儿在伤口愈合期间会有持续性的疼痛。纸尿布也有可能造成尿道口变窄(或称为尿道口异常狭窄);新生儿在接受包皮手术后,母乳喂养与亲子关系亦可能会受到影响。

世卫:降低性病传播

割包皮手术将会破坏包皮的保护力与性功能。手术并发症的病例尽管发生甚少,但我们不排除其可能性,如出血、感染、管口窄狭、粘连、死亡和阴茎某部分脱落。有些病人可能会出现过量或过少的皮肤。

正常的包皮受感染或发生并发症的风险率为0.1%,然而,术后并发症的风险率为1%。

如果包皮过长,割除包皮可以减少传染,亦能改善勃起疼痛问题。

总的来说,做好日常的包皮清洁工作可以减少风险,同时成年后实行安全的性行为,亦可避免性病的传播,这一切是否能达到良好的成效,皆与教育、醒觉和自我保健有着非常密切的关系。

包皮环切手术也并非全无益处,对于一些病症仍起到一定的正面效果,其一是预防龟头炎(balanitis)、龟头包皮炎(balanoposthitis)、包茎及嵌顿性包茎(paraphimosis);其二保持阴茎的清洁;其三减低两种风险,即泌尿道感染及性病的传播。世界卫生组织建议此手术以降低性病传播风险。

女性割礼不具任何益处

究竟该不该进行包皮环切手术,这个争论仍在持续,其实保留包皮亦是个人的选择。

以我个人的看法是,我们应该避免给婴儿进行这个手术,直到你的孩子能够对自己的身体作出决定的年龄时,即青春期,让他选择进行包皮环切手术。这正是与马来西亚在实行传统文化割礼的年龄一致。

必须一提的是,女性割礼是指生殖器切割,我认为这种做法是不恰当的,因为女性割礼根本不具任何益处。此手术是一种用针刺破皮肤的刺穿手术,会造成出血、疼痛,给孩子带来不必要的创伤之余,最后也会在皮肤伤处留下难看的疤痕。在做此手术前,父母得慎重考量是否真有这个必要。”

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